KUMPUTASI

KOMPUTASI

Komputasi sebetulnya bisa diartikan sebagai cara untuk menemukan pemecahan masalah dari data input dengan menggunakan suatu algoritma. Hal ini ialah apa yang disebut dengan teori komputasi, suatu sub-bidang dari ilmu komputer dan matematika. Selama ribuan tahun, perhitungan dan komputasi umumnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan pena dan kertas, atau kapur dan batu tulis, atau dikerjakan secara mental, kadang-kadang dengan bantuan suatu tabel. Namun sekarang, kebanyakan komputasi telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan komputer.

Secara umum iIlmu komputasi adalah bidang ilmu yang mempunyai perhatian pada penyusunan model matematika dan teknik penyelesaian numerik serta penggunaan komputer untuk menganalisis dan memecahkan masalah-masalah ilmu (sains). Dalam penggunaan praktis, biasanya berupa penerapan simulasi komputer atau berbagai bentuk komputasi lainnya untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah dalam berbagai bidang keilmuan, tetapi dalam perkembangannya digunakan juga untuk menemukan prinsip-prinsip baru yang mendasar dalam ilmu.

Bidang ini berbeda dengan ilmu komputer (computer science), yang mengkaji komputasi, komputer dan pemrosesan informasi. Bidang ini juga berbeda dengan teori dan percobaan sebagai bentuk tradisional dari ilmu dan kerja keilmuan. Dalam ilmu alam, pendekatan ilmu komputasi dapat memberikan berbagai pemahaman baru, melalui penerapan model-model matematika dalam program komputer berdasarkan landasan teori yang telah berkembang, untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah nyata dalam ilmu tersebut

Komputasi Modern

Teknologi komputasi (bahasa Inggris: computing) adalah aktivitas penggunaan dan pengembangan teknologi komputer, perangkat keras, dan perangkat lunak komputer. Ia merupakan bagian spesifik komputer dari teknologi informasi. Ilmu komputer adalah kajian dan ilmu dasar teori informasi dan komputasi serta implementasi dan aplikasinya dalam sistem komputer.

Komputasi bisa diartikan sebagai cara untuk menyelesaikan sebuah masalah dari inputan data dengan menggunakan algoritma.

teknologi komputasi adalah aktivitas penggunaan dan pengembangan teknologi komputer, perangkat keras, dan perangkat lunak komputer. Ia merupakan bagian spesifik komputer dari teknologi informasi.

Pencetus dari dasar – dasar komputasi modern pertama kali adalah John Von Neuman. Ia adalah ilmuwan yang meletakkan dasar – dasar komputasi modern. Semasa hidupnya Von Neumann telah menjadi ilmuwan besar abad 21 dengan meningkatkan karya – karyanya tidak hanya dalam bidang matematika, teori kuantum dan game theory, namun juga fisika nuklir dan ilmu komputer. Beliau juga salah seorang ilmuwan yang berpengaruh dalam pembuatan bom atom di Los Alamos pada perang Dunia II.

Sejarah Von Neumann tentang komputasi modern

Von Neumann dilahirkan di Budapest, Hungaria pada 28 Desember 1903 dengan nama Neumann Janos. Dia adalah anak pertama dari pasangan Neumann Miksa dan Kann Margit. Di sana, nama keluarga diletakkan di depan nama asli. Sehingga dalam bahasa Inggris, nama orang tuanya menjadi Max Neumann. Pada saat Max Neumann memperoleh gelar, maka namanya berubah menjadi Von Neumann. Setelah bergelar doktor dalam ilmu hukum, dia menjadi pengacara untuk sebuah bank. Pada tahun 1903, Budapest terkenal sebagai tempat lahirnya para manusia genius dari bidang sains, penulis, seniman dan musisi.

Von Neumann juga belajar di Berlin dan Zurich dan mendapatkan diploma pada bidang teknik kimia pada tahun 1926. Pada tahun yang sama dia mendapatkan gelar doktor pada bidang matematika dari Universitas Budapest. Keahlian Von Neumann terletak pada bidang teori game yang melahirkan konsep seluler automata, teknologi bom atom, dan komputasi modern yang kemudian melahirkan komputer. Kegeniusannya dalam matematika telah terlihat semenjak kecil dengan mampu melakukan pembagian bilangan delapan digit (angka) di dalam kepalanya.

Setelah mengajar di Berlin dan Hamburg, Von Neumann pindah ke Amerika pada tahun 1930 dan bekerja di Universitas Princeton serta menjadi salah satu pendiri Institute for Advanced Studies.

Dipicu ketertarikannya pada hidrodinamika dan kesulitan penyelesaian persamaan diferensial parsial nonlinier yang digunakan, Von Neumann kemudian beralih dalam bidang komputasi. Sebagai konsultan pada pengembangan ENIAC, dia merancang konsep arsitektur komputer yang masih dipakai sampai sekarang. Arsitektur Von Nuemann adalah komputer dengan program yang tersimpan (program dan data disimpan pada memori) dengan pengendali pusat, I/O, dan memori.

berdasarkan beberapa definisi di atas, maka komputasi modern dapat diartikan sebagai suatu pemecahan masalah berdasarkan suatu inputan dengan menggunakan algoritma dimana penerapannya menggunakan berbagai teknologi yang telah berkembang seperti komputer.

Dengan begitu waktu yang diperlukan untuk menemukan solusi atas masalah lebih cepat dan keakuratan dari selousi tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan komputasi terdahulu yang umumnya menggunakan pena dan kertas maupun kapur dan batu tulis atau dikerjakan dengan menggunakan bantuan tabel.

Cara Menghipnotis itu mudah

Untuk Hipnotis atau Hypnosis itu sendiri adalah Seni Berkomunikasi dengan Alam Bawah Sadar. Sebetulnya cukup mudah loh untuk menghipnotis itu, Caranya :

Yang harus dipersiapkan
1. Percaya kalo anda bisa menghipnotis
2. yakinkan mereka kalo anda bisa menghipnotis
3. orang yang mau di hipnotis( selanjutnya kita sebut KORBAN), dan bisa diajak kerjasama dan diusahakan memiliki imajinasi yang tinggi (contoh : orang yang hobi baca novel dan mudah membayangkan situasi ddidalam novel)
4. Script
5. Kata kunci seperti “anda akan tertidur”, “anda akan memasuki alam relaksasi anda”,”tubuh anda merasa rileks”
6. ruangan yang kondusif dan bebas noise
7. dibantu oleh musik klasik lebih baik

langkah-langkahnya
1. suruh orang yang akan dihipnotis untuk mencari posisi yang nyaman, apakah posisi duduk atau berbaring
2. lalu anda coba script si bawah in
“Rilexkan seluruh tubuh anda.
tarik napas yang dalam, buang perlahan-lahan 3x
Bayangkan anda sedang berada didalam sebuah lift, didalam lift itu anda melihat kea rah atas ada angka yang menunjukan anda berada dilantai dua lima, perlahan-lahan lift anda turun ke lantai 24, (jeda 3 detik) 23 , 22 (jeda 3 detik) dan semakin lift anda turun anda semakin rilex, (jeda 2 detik) rilex, semakin turun anda merasa mengantuk, semakin mengantuk…..”

Setelah anda mengulang ngulang kata mengantuk anda dapat melihat kepala korban apakah semakin menurun atau tidak, kalo belum anda dapat melanjutkan scriptnya dengan menyuruh korban anda untuk menarik napas dan buang sebanyak lima kali secara perlahan lalu anda suruh untuk menghitung mundur dari 20-1 secara perlahan, dan anda bilangm “senakin anda menghitung anda senakin rilexm semakion mengantuk” lalu anda coba tepuk pundaknya secara perlahan lalu anda goyang-goyang badannya .Bila korban tubuhnya tidak tegang dan cenderung pasrah anda sudah bisa memberikan sugesti.

Sugesti yang pernah saya coba
1. ketika anda menulis huruf C maka anda menjadi menulis huruf O
2. ketika saya menepuk sekali anda menepuk 2 kali
3. ketika saya suruh anda untuk menulis amerika, anda akan menulis belanda

dan masih banyak lainnya

dan setelah anda memberikan sugesti anda tanyakan “Kalo anda mengerti tundukan kepala anda” dan beri sugesti secara berulang, minimal 3 kali

lalu anda bangunkan dia dengan cara, dalam hitungan kelima anda akan bangun dan mengingat semua sugesti yang saya berikan, 1 ( jeda 2 detik), 2 ( jeda 2 detik) jari kaki anda sudah bisa di gerakan, 3 tangan anda sudah bisa di gerakan, 4 anda semakin mengingat sugesti saya.
5 dan anda akan terbangun dan mengingat semua sugesti saya”

Tips
1. semakin korban anda tidur lebih dalam anda akan lebih mudah memberi sugesti
2. ada beberapa orang yang emang lebih cocok(bereaksinya) pada saat dihipnotis dalam keadaan tidur, jadi sugesti anda hanya berlaku pada saat dia dalam keadaan tidur(contoh seperti romi Rafael menyuruh memainkan piano pada korbannya)
3. ternyata ada 10 persen orang yang tidak bisa dihipnotis
4. gunakan kata –kata yang dimengerti oleh korban kita
5. ada beberapa orang yang takut membayangkan lift, maka anda harus kreatif untuk mencari perumpamaan lain, misalkan tangga.

Sementara segitu dulu, bila respon dari para juragan positif, maka thread ini akan saya Update.

Oh iya saya masih amatir, belum pernah mengikuti pelatihan hypnotist secara resmi, saya cuma pernah melihat orang menghipnotist, dan menjiplak 100 persen apa yang pernah saya lihat. setelah berhasil menghipnotist 1 orang, baru deh saya kembangkan trik hypnotist yang lain bahkan saya pernah menghipnotis tanpa menggunakan kata-kata. sampe saat ini saya baru menghipnotis sekitar 30 orang jd masih amatir, jd kalo dari juragan ada yang lebih ahli bagi2 dong ilmunya
Ups ampir aja lupa jangan lupa untuk mengembalikan koraban ke posisi normal dengan menyuruhnya melupakan sugesti yang telah diberikan.

By : www.forumkami.com

THE VERB PHRASE

Simple Present
infinitive
(3rd person singular: infinitive + ’s’)
I speak
you speak
he / she / it speaks
we speak
they speak

Exceptions when adding ’s’ : 
        • For can, may, might, must, do not add s.
Example: he can, she may, it must
        • After o, ch, sh or s, add es.
Example: do – he does, wash – she washes
        • After a consonant, the final consonant y becomes ie. (but: not after a vowel)
Example: worry – he worries
         but: play – he plays


Present Progressive
form of ‘be’ and verb + ing
I am speaking
you are speaking
he / she / it is speaking
we are speaking
they are speaking


Exceptions when adding ‘ing’ : 
           • Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee)
Example: come – coming
but: agree – agreeing
           • After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
Example: sit – sitting
           • After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English).
Example: travel – travelling (British English)
but: travelling (American English)
           • Final ie becomes y.
Example: lie – lying

Use
In general or right now?
Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something is happening right now?

Simple Present
in general (regularly, often, never)
Colin plays football every Tuesday.

present actions happening one after another
First Colin plays football, then he watches TV.

Signal words
• always
• every …
• often
• normally
• usually
• sometimes
• seldom
• never
• first
• then

Present Progressive
right now
Look! Colin is playing football now.

also for several actions happening at the same time
Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.

Signal words
• at the moment
• at this moment
• today
• now
• right now
• Listen!
• Look!

Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present:
be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want


Timetable / Schedule or arrangement?
Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or do you refer to a time set by a timetable or schedule?

Simple Present 
action set by a timetable or schedule
The film starts at 8 pm.

Present Progressive
arrangement for the near future 
I am going to the cinema tonight.

Daily routine or just for a limited period of time?
Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?

Simple Present
daily routine 
Bob works in a restaurant.

Present Progressive
only for a limited period of time (does not have to happen directly at the moment of speaking) 
Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.


Certain Verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the progressive form).
          • state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit
Example: We are on holiday.
          • possession: belong, have
Example: Sam has a cat.
          • senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He feels the cold.
          • feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
Example: Jane loves pizza.
          • brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I believe you.
          • Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say
Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says.
Exercises :
1. Something_______(smell) very good.
Answer : smells
1. We______(eat) dinner at seven o’clock tonight.
Answer : are eating
1. He______(practice) the piano every day.
Answer : practices
1. They___¬¬___(drive) to school tomorrow.
Answer : are driving
1. I_____(believe) you.
Answer : believe
1. Maria_____(have) a cold.
Answer : has
1. Jorge______(swim) right now.
Answer : is swimming
1. John_____(hate) smoke
Answer : hates
1. Jill always_______(get) up at 6.00 A.M.
Answer : gets
1. Jerry______(mow) the lawn now.
Answer : is mowing
Simple Past Tense – Past Progressive (continous)


Form

Simple Past
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs
I spoke
regular verbs: verb + ed
I worked

Exceptions when adding ‘ed’ : 
          • when the final letter is e, only add d.
Example: love – loved
          • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example: admit – admitted
          • final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
Example: travel – travelled
          • after a consonant, final y becomes i. (but: not after a vowel)
Example: worry – he worried
but: play – he played


Past Progressive
past form of ‘be’ + ing form of verb
I was speaking
you were speaking
he / she / it was speaking
we were speaking
they were speaking

Exceptions when adding ‘ing’ : 
           • silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee)
Example: come – coming
but: agree – agreeing
           • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example: sit – sitting
           • final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
Example: travel – travelling
           • final ie becomes y.
Example: lie – lying


Use
After another or at the same time?
Do you want to express that the actions in the past happened one after another or at the same time?

Simple Past
after another 
She came home, switched on the computer and checked her e-mails.

Past Progressive
at the same time 
Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watchin TV.

New action or already in progress?
If you want to express that a new action happened in the middle of another action, you need both tenses: Simple Past the new action and Past Progressive for the action already in progress.

Simple Past
new action 
My mobile rang (when I was sitting in a meeting.)

Past Progressive
action already in progress 
While I was sitting in a meeting, (my mobile suddenly rang.)

Only mentioning or emphasising progress?
Do you just want to mention that an action took place in the past (also used for short actions)? Or do you want to put emphasis on the progress, e.g. that an action was taking place at a certain time?

Simple Past
just mentioning 
Colin played football yesterday.

Past Progressive
emphasising progress 
Yesterday at six o’clock, Colin was playing football.

Certain Verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Past (not in the progressive form).
         • state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit
Example: We were on holiday. 
         • possession: belong, have
Example: Sam had a cat.
         • senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He felt the cold.
         • feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
Example: Jane loved pizza.
         • brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I did not understand him.
         • introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say
Example: “I am watching TV,“ he said.


Signal words

Simple Past
• first
• then
• If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …)

Past Progressive
• when
• while
• as long as

Exercises :
Use either the simple past tense or the past progressive in the following sentences as approiate.
1. Gene_____(eat) dinner when his friend called.
Answer : was eating
1. While Maria was cleaning the apartment, her husband__________(sleep).
Answer : was sleeping
1. At three o’clock this morning. Eleanor________(study).
Answer : was studying
1. When Mark arrived, the Johnsons________(have) dinner, but they stopped in order to talk him.
Answer : were having
1. John_____(go) to France last year.
Answer : went
1. When the teacher_________(enter) the room, the students were talking.
Answer : entered
1. While joan was writing the report, Henry_________(look) for more information.
Answer : was looking
1. We____(see) this movie last night.
Answer : saw
1. At one time, Mr. Roberts__________(own) this building.
Answer : owned
1. Jose_______(write) a letter to his family when his pencil_______(break).
Answer : was writing, broke
Present Perfect Tense – Present Perfect Progressive (continous)


Form

Present Perfect Simple
irregular verbs: form of ‘have’ + 3rd column of irregular verbs
Example:
I / you / we / they have spoken
he / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: form of ‘have’ + infinitive + ed
Example:
I / you / we / they have worked
he / she / it has worked

Exceptions when adding ‘ed’ : 
          • when the final letter is e, only add d
Example:
love – loved
          • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example:
admit – admitted
          • final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
Example:
travel – travelled
          • after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel)
Example:
worry – worried
but: play – played


Present Perfect Progressive
form of ‘have’ + been + verb + ing
Example:
I / you / we / they have been speaking
he / she / it has been speaking

Exceptions when adding ‘ing’ : 
         • silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee)
Example: come – coming
aber: agree – agreeing
         • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example: sit – sitting
         • after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English).
Example: travel – travelling
         • final ie becomes y.
Example: lie – lying


Use
Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.

Result or duration?
Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?

Present Perfect Simple
Result (what / how much / how often)
I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.

Present Perfect Progressive
Duration (how long)
I have been writing for an hour.

Certain verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).
        • state: be, have (for possession only)
Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
        • senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He has touched the painting.
        • brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I have known him for 3 years.

Emphasis on completion or duration?
Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?

Present Perfect Simple
Emphasis on completion
I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)

Present Perfect Progressive
Emphasis on duration
I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That’s how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

Result or side effect?
Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?

Present Perfect Simple
desired result
I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)

Present Perfect Progressive
unwanted side effect
Why are you so wet? – I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?
In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?

Present Perfect Simple
since the last time
I haven’t played that game for years. (Meaning: It’s years ago that I last played that game.)

Present Perfect Progressive
since the beginning
I haven’t been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It’s not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)


Permanent or temporary?
If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.

Present Perfect Simple
permanent
James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)

Present Perfect Progressive
temporary
James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)


Signal words

Present Perfect Simple
• how often
• … times

Present Perfect Progressive
• how long
• since
• for

Exercises :
Use either the present perfect or the simple past in the following sentences.
1. John____(write) his report last night.
Answer : Wrote
1. Bob______(see) this movie before.
Answer : has seen
1. Jorge______(read) the newspaper already.
Answer : has read
1. Mr. Johnson_______(work) in the same place for thirty-five years.
Answer : has works
1. We_______(begin; negative) to study for the test yet.
Answer : haven’t begun
1. George______(go) to the store at ten o’clock this morning.
Answer : went
1. Joan_______(travel) around the world.
Answer : has traveled
1. Betty______(write) a letter last night.
Answer : wrote
1. Guillermo_______(call) his employer yesterday.
Answer : called
1. We________(see; negative) this movie yet.
Answer : have not seen

Past Perfect Tense – Past Perfect Progressive (continous)
Past Perfect
The past perfect is used to indicate :
         • An action that happened before another action in the past; there usually are two actions in the sentence.
         • A state which continued for a time in the past, but stopped before now.

Past Perfect Progressive
The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form
         • A: He had been talking.
         • N: He had not been talking.
         • Q: Had he been talking?

Use
         • action taking place before a certain time in the past
         • sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
         • puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action

signal words
• for, since, the whole day, all day
Exercises :
Supply the past perfect or simple past in the following sentences.
1. The policeman read the suspect his rights after he_______(arrest) him.
Answer : had arrested
1. After John______(wash) his clothes, he began study.
Answer : had washed
1. George______(wait) for one hour before the bus came.
Answer : has waited
1. Maria______(enter) the university after she had graduated from the community college.
Answer : entered
1. Jeanette______(wash) the pipettes after she had completed the experiment.
Answer : washed
1. Jane sent a letter to her university after she________(receive) her scholarship check.
Answer : has received
1. After the stewardesses had served lunch to the passengers, they________(sit) down.
Answer : sat
1. The car______(flip) ten times before it landed on its roof.
Answer : had flipped
1. We corrected our papers after we________(take) the quiz.
Answer : had taken
10. John______(live) in Miami for one year when his parents came to visit.
Answer : had lived


Review My English Lessons About Grammar

Each question on this mini-test consist of a sentence in which four words or phrases are underlined. Then, we are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that would not be acceptable in standard written English.

EXERCISE
Buying clothes are often a very time-consuming practice because those clothes that person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her. Answer : are => is
These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return later. Answer : we =>us.
After she had bought himself a new automobile, she hold her bicycle. Answer : himself => herself.
After George has returned to his house, he was reading a book. Answer : we reading => read
The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious. Answer : is smelling => smells.
After John eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed. Answer : eaten => had eaten.
Pete had already saw that musical before he read the reviews about it. Answer : already saw => seen.
My cousin attends an University in the Midwest which specializes in astronomy. Answer : an => a.
The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer. Answer : are => is.
The president went fishing after he has finished with the conferences. Answer : has finished => had finished

PRONOUNS

In this post, I will discuss about Pronouns..

There are five form of pronouns in English :

¤ Subject Pronouns : subject pronouns occur in the subject position of a sentence or after the verb be.

¤ Complement Pronouns : complements pronouns occur in complement position or after preposition unless the preposition introduces a new clause.

¤ Possessive adjective : possessive adjective are not the same as possessive pronoun.

¤ Possessive pronouns : these pronouns cannot precede a noun. They are pronouns and thus replace the noun. The noun is understood from the context and is not repeated.

¤ Reflexive pronouns : these pronouns usually follow the verb and indicate that the subject is both giving and receiving the action.

EXERCISE :

1. I go to school with (he/him) every day.
2. I see (she/her).
3. She speaks to (we/us/ourselves) every morning.
4. Isn’t (she/her) a nice Person ?
5. (he/him) is going to New York on vacation.
6. (she/her) and john gave the money to the boy.
7. (yours/your) record is scratched and (my/mine) is too.
8. I hurt (my/mine/the) leg.
9. John bought (him self/her self/his self) a new coat.

10. (we/us) girls are going camping over the weekend.

11. Mr. Jones cut (his self/him self) shaving.

12. We like (our/ours) new car very much.

13. The dog bit (she/her) on the leg.

14. John (he/himself) went to the meeting.

15. You’ll stick (you/your/yourself) with the pins if you are not carefully.

16. Mary and (I / Me) would rather go to the movie.

17. Every one has town do (their/his) own research.

18. Just between you and (I /me), I don’t like this food.

19. Monday is a holiday for (we / us).

20. (her / hers) car doesn’t go as far as (our/ours).

Verbs that are always followed by the infinitive

Agree
Desire
Intend
Prepare
Tend
Attempt
Fail
Learn
Pretend
Try
Claim
Forget
Need
Refuse
Want
Decide
Hesitate
Offer
Seem
Wish
Demand
Hope
Plan
Strive

Verbs that are always followed by the gerund

Admit
Delay
Miss
Regret
Risk
Appreciate
Deny
Postpone
Report
Suggest
Avoid
Enjoy
Practice
Resent
Cant’ help
Finish
Quit
Resist
Consider 
Mind
Recall
Resume


The following verbs can be followed by either the infinitive of the gerund with no change in meaning.

Begin
Like
Can’t stead
Love
Continue
Prepare
Have
Start
Drill

Verbs + prepositions followed by the gerund

Approve of
Give up
Rely on
Worry about
Think of
Be better of
Insist on
Succeed in
Count on
Object to
Keep on
Think about
Depend on
Put off
Look forward to


Adjectives + prepositions followed by the gerund

Accustomed to
Intent to
Afraid of
Interested in
Capable of
Successful
Fond of
Tired of


Adjectives followed by the infinitive

Anxious
Eager
Pleased
Common
Dangerous
Good
Ready
Difficult
Hard 
Strange


Some verbs can be followed by either
Stop
Remember
Forget

Pronouns before the gerund or infinitive

1. S + V + Complement from (Noun/pronoun) + ( to + V1)
2. S + V + Possesive from (Noun/pronoun) + ( V + ing)

Some common verbs which are followed by the infinitive and which option require an indirect object are listed here

Allow
Invite
Remind
Ask
Order
Urge
Beg
Permit
Want
Convince
Persuade
Expect
Prepare
Instinct
Promise

Pronouns:

Exercises:
1. I go to school with (he/him) every day.
2. I see (she/her).
3. She speaks to (we/us/ourselves) every morning.
4. Isn’t (she/her) a nice Person ?
5. (he/him) is going to New York on vacation.
6. (she/her) and john gave the money to the boy.
7. (yours/your) record is scratched and (my/mine) is too.
8. I hurt (my/mine/the) leg.
9. John bought (him self/her self/his self) a new coat.
10. (we/us) girls are going camping over the weekend.
11. Mr. Jones cut (his self/him self) shaving.
12. We like (our/ours) new car very much.
13. The dog bit (she/her) on the leg.
14. John (he/himself) went to the meeting.
15. You’ll stick (you/your/yourself) with the pins if you are not carefully.
16. Mary and (I / Me) would rather go to the movie.
17. Every one has town do (their/his) own research.
18. Just between you and (I /me), I don’t like this food.
19. Monday is a holiday for (we / us).
20. (her / hers) car doesn’t go as far as (our/ours).

Jawaban :

1. He
2. Her
3. Us
4. She
5. He
6. She
7. You/Mine
8. My
9. Himself
10. We
11. Himself
12. Our
13. Her
14. Himself
15. Yourself
16. I
17. Their
18. We
19. Us
20. Her/Our

Tujuan Keamanan Jaringan Komputer

•Availability / Ketersediaan

•Reliability / Kehandalan

•Confidentiality / Kerahasiaan

Resiko Jaringan Komputer
Segala bentuk ancaman baik fisik maupun logik yang langsung atau tidak langsung mengganggu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dalam jaringan

Faktor-Faktor Penyebab ResikoDalam Jaringan Komputer
􀂾-Kelemaha nmanusia(human error)
􀂾-Kelemahan perangkat keras komputer
􀂾-Kelemahan sistem operasi jaringan
􀂾-Kelemahan sistemjaringan komunikasi

Ancaman Jaringan komputer
•FISIK
-Pencurian perangkat keras komputer atau perangkat jaringan
-Kerusakan pada kompute rdan perangkat komunikasi jaringan
-Bencan aalam

•LOGIK
-Kerusakan pada sistem operas iatau aplikasi
-Virus

Beberapa Bentuk Ancaman Jaringan

Hacker
–Orang yang secara diam-diam mempelajari sistem yang biasanya sukar dimengert iuntuk kemudian mengelolanya dan men-share hasil uji coba yang dilakukannya.
–Hacker tidak merusak sistem
Craker
–Orang yang secara diam-diam mempelajari sistem dengan maksud jahat
–Muncul karena sifat dasar manusia yang selalu ingin membangun(salah satunya merusak)
–Ciri-ciri cracker :
•Bisa membua tprogram C, C++ atau pearl
•Memiliki pengetahuanTCP/IP
•Menggunakan internet lebih dari 50 jam per-bulan
•Menguasai sistemo perasi UNIX atau VMS
•Suka mengoleksi software atau hardware lama
•Terhubung keinternet untuk menjalankan aksinya
•Melakukan aksinya pada malam hari, dengan
alasan waktu yang memungkinkan, jalur
komunikasi tidakpadat, tidak mudah diketahui
oranglain

–Penyebab cracker melakukan penyerangan:
• kecewa, balas dendam
• petualangan
• mencari keuntungan dari imbalan oranglain
• mencari perhatian
•cruriosity, mencari perhatian
•alasan politis

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present tense adalah kejadian yang terjadi pada saat ini.

- tidak digunakan untuk menunjukkan present time.
- menunjukkan present time (now) dengan kata-kata berikut (stative verbs):know understand 
- menunjukkan hal-hal umum atau kegiatan yang biasa dilakukan

Rumus apabila kalimat terdapat kata kerja:
S + V1 + O + Adv (+)
General Truth
Contoh : Api itu panas, es itu dingin
Daily aktifity
Kegiatan sehari hari, Contoh : saya sarapan tiap pagi

Does/do + S + V1 + O + Adv (?)
S + Does/do + not + v1 + O + Adv (-)

Rumus apabila kalimat tidak terdapat kata kerja :
S + Tobe + Adj/Noun/Adv (+)
Tobe + S + Adj/Noun/Adv (?)
S + Tobe + not + Adj/Nount/Adv (-)

Contoh kalimat :
• I Love my new pets(Saya mencintai binatang-binatang kesayangan saya)
• We Work everyday(Saya bekerja setiap hari)
• They come twice a week(Mereka dating dua kali seminggu)
• You always study hard(Anda belajar dengan giat)
• It drinks milk(Ia minum susu)
Bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan dalam kalimat-kalimat tersebut menunjukkan perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu sekarang dan dilakukan secara kebiasaan.
Bilamana subyek dalam suatu kalimat berupa : He, She, atau It, maka kata kerjanya harus ditambah S atau ES.

• Kata kerja yang selalu mendapatkan akhiran ES yang sering kali digunakan dalam bentuk waktu sekarang, diantaranya :
1. Watch-watches(Menonton)
2. Wash-washes(Mencuci)
3. Pass-passes(Lulus,melewati)

4. Tax-taxes(Mengenakan Cukai)

Present Progressive Tense

digunakan untuk menunjukkan present time (now) -> kecuali stative verbs

digunakan untuk menunjukkan future time.

present time example : John is eating dinner now

Past Tense
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian di masa lalu yang waktunya tertentu/spesifik. 
contoh : 
I went to school yesterday. 
John wrote report last month 

Past Progressive (continuous) Tense
Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi di masa lalu yang di interupsi oleh kejadian lain
Untuk menyatakan kejadian di masa lalu yang waktunya sangat spesifik
Untuk menyatakan kejadian di masa lalu yang terjadi bersamaan
Contoh : 
I was walking to the market when Paijo called me.
Rina was reading a book when Sinta came to his house
I was watching television while Emma was cooking
She was reading a book at 9 aclock last night

Present Perfect
menyatakan kejadian di masa lalu yang waktunya tidak didefinisikan dengan pasti
menyatakan kejadian di masa lalu yang terjadi lebih dari sekali
menyatakan kejadian dimulai dari masa lalu yang masih terjadi hingga saat ini
Contoh : 
I have read this book
I have saw this movie
Susan has seen this movie for several times
I have ridden a camel three times
I have lived at this house for five years

REALTIME dan CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television)

Realtime Disebut juga dengan Sistem waktu nyata. Sistem yang harus menghasilkan respon yang tepat dalam batas waktu yang telah ditentukan. Sebuah Real time system adalah sistem yang kebenarannya secara logis didasarkan pada kebenaran hasil-hasil keluaran sistem dan ketepatan waktu hasil-hasil tersebut dikeluarkan. Aplikasi penggunaan sistem seperti ini adalah untuk memantau dan mengontrol peralatan seperti motor, teleskop, atau instrumen lainnya. Peralatan telekomunikasi dan jaringan komputer biasanya juga membutuhkan pengendalian secara Real time dan sedangkan CCTV adalah kita membahas tentang CCTV sekarang.

CCTV pertama kali dibuat oleh Walter Brunch Teknologi. CCTV telah membuat evolusi jalan keamanan(security) di sector publik dan private atau kasarnya pengganti SATPAM penjaga rumah heheh^_^. CCTV juga diperbolehkan oleh lingkungan hukum untuk menyelesaikan kriminalitas di area-area sekitar, dimana camera CCTV dipasang semau anda.

  Sekarang ini, camera CCTV mudah digunakan oleh setiap orang. Banyak camera CCTV yang dipasang di langit-langit rumah, dinding atau atap bangunan. Camera CCTV memiliki lensa di bagian depan, dan untuk CCTV model baru berwarna hitam dan berbentuk kecil, juga dapat melakukan maneuver putaran 360 derajat.

IP Cam (Internet Protocol Camera)

IP Cam kkepanjangan dari Internet Protocol Camera merupakan sejenis kamera pengawas jaman sekarang, dimana jaman yang sebelumnya boleh dikatakan jaman ke dua yang merupakan kamera CCTV analog dan CCTV kepanjangan dari Closed Circuit Televisiom, dan untuk IP Cam ini merupakan kamera CCTV yang Digital.

Lalu akan membahas perbedaan mendasarkan camera CCTV Analog dan Digital :

• Yang pertama system penyimpanan data, dan low cost, dimana IP cam/CCTV digital tidak membutuhkan alat perekam konvensional yang selama ini banyak kita gunakan, hanya dengan sebuah / unit computer standard sudah dapat menjadi Storage Record atau Penyimpanan Rekaman yang sudah lama. 

• Yang kedua kemampuan teknologi CCTV Digital, hampir semua jenis kamera ip support audio dan dapat dipantau Via Internet secara real time.dan kamera CCTV yang sekarang kualitas gambarnnya sudah Megapixel.

• CCTV yang sekarang, kualitas gambarnya sangat jauh berbeda dengan camera analog yang terdahulu, jadi hasil rekaman lebih bersih dan real time serta optional Audio yang memungkinkan dapat digunakan untuk teleconference tanpa jarak. Sedangkan untuk kamera analog yang terdahulu atau JADUL disebutnnya kualitas gambar masih standard VGA dan kapasitas rekam terbatas, tetapi sudah sangat cukup jelas untuk melihat hasil rekaman yang berlalu.

Dari kesimpulan diatas  bahwa  sistem realtime dan CCTV tugasnya hampir sama mengontrol atau memantau saja tetapi CCTV mempunyai kualitas yaitu bisa merekam suatu kejadian.dan masa depan teknologi camera CCTV sepertinya akan semakin menarik dan semakin canggih, Dimulai dari jaman modern sekarang ini ada computer yang mulai menggunakan camera CCTV control, yang dapat mendeteksi pergerakan dan mengikuti siapa saja yang ada di depan computer. Kualitas gambar yang diambil camera CCTV berupa image crystal bening high-definition. CCTV untuk masa depan juga dapat digunakan untuk membaca signature dan implementasi pemandangan tengah malam (night-vision). Ketika CCTV mendeteksi adanya gerakan, maka email akan dapat dikirimkan ke alamat yang dituju, memperingatkan pemilik email akan keadaan bahaya.